LONGMAN REFERENCIA ISKOLÁK

MINI WRITING WORKSHOP

1.       FOGALMAZÁSOK FELÉPÍTÉSE (ESSAY STRUCTURE)

Minden irományt logikusan kell felépíteni, legyen az levél, riport, esszé, vagy bármi egyéb. Érdemes egy kis vázlatot készíteni még a fogalmazás megkezdése előtt, hogy miközben belemerülünk majd az írásba, ne felejtsük el, mit hol akartunk írni és mi is volt az egésznek a lényege. EZ TÉNYLEG FONTOS ÉS ÉRDEMES NÉHÁNY PERCET RÁSZÁNNI! Az alábbiakban egy konkrét, egyszerű fogalmazás téma alapján végigvezetünk az írás folyamatán, aminek betartását MELEGEN JAVASOLJUK, ha hatásos irományokat akarsz írni és/vagy sok pontot akarsz szerezni egy nyelvvizsgán. És még egy apróság, mielőtt belevágunk: Nyelvtanulás vagy nyelvvizsga szempontjából TELJESEN MINDEGY, hogy tartalmilag mit írsz le vagy mi mellett érvelsz, tehát csak arra koncentrálj, hogy logikailag és nyelvileg rendben legyen a fogalmazás. A világnézeted ebből a szempontból teljesen irreleváns.

MINTAFELADAT

Fogalmazás írása a következő címmel: 'A cheap and pleasant way to travel'

a)      VÁZLAT:

cím adva van

1.bekezdés: repülésről fogok írni, mert ezt tartom a legolcsóbbnak (thesis)

2.bekezdés: A repülés előnyei (topic sentence)

Példa 1

Példa 2

Példa 3

3.bekezdés: A repülésnek néhány hátránya is van (topic sentence)

Példa 1

Példa 2

4.bekezdés: Összegzés, melyben más szóval megismétlem amit ez 1. bekezdésben már mondtam.

Amint a fenti példa is mutatja, ez csupán egy 2 perc alatt elkészített vázlat, de mégis jó lesz, főleg olyanoknak, akik el szoktak kalandozni írás közben. Még a profi írók is szoktak vázlatot írni, tehát semmiképpen ne hagyjuk ki ezt a lépést!

b)            ELSŐ BEKEZDÉS MEGíRÁSA A TÉZISEMMEL. A tézis mindig tömören összefoglalja, hogy miről fogok írni. Azt is mondhatnánk, hogy 'le kell lőni a poént', vagyis függetlenül attól, hogy levelet, fogalmazást, vagy bármi egyebet írunk, konkrétan és tömören le kell írnunk álláspontunkat, amit később kifejtünk.

There are several ways of travel, but I would describe flying as the most convenient type of transportation.

c)            MÁSODIK BEKEZDÉS MEGíRÁSA AZ ELŐNYÖKRŐL, MELYET ÖSSZEGZŐ JELLEGŰ 'TOPIC SENTENCE' VEZET BE.

There are many advantages to flying. First of all, flying is very fast: you can get to countries within a few hours. Secondly, it is very convenient: all you need to do is board a nice air-conditioned plane, sit down, and relax. Thirdly, flying has become really cheap because there are budget airlines and special offers everywhere.

d)            HARMADIK BEKEZDÉS MEGíRÁSA A HÁTRÁNYOKRÓL, MELYET ÖSSZEGZŐ JELLEGŰ 'TOPIC SENTENCE' VEZET BE.

Flying has some disadvantages, too. Sometimes flying is stressful because planes are often delayed and airplanes are crowded. On top of that, some people are afraid of flying because of the height.

e)            NEGYEDIK BEKEZDÉS MEGíRÁSA ÖSSZEGZÉSKÉNT, MELYBEN ÚJ INFORMÁCIÓT MÁR NEM ÉPíTÜNK BE, CSAK VISSZAUTALUNK A TÉZISRE ÉS MEGERŐSíTJÜK AZ EDDIG LEíRTAKAT.

I believe that flying is the most convenient way of travelling. Although it has some disadvantages, it is definitely faster, cheaper, and more comfortable than any other means of transport.

f) OLVASSUK ÁT AZ EGÉSZ FOGALMAZÁST, JAVíTSUK KI AZ ESETLEGES HIBÁKAT ÉS SZÚRJUNK BELE EGY-KÉT HATÁSOS KÖTŐSZÓT VAGY MELLÉKNEVET.

A cheap and pleasant way to travel

There are several ways of travel, but I would describe flying as the most convenient type of transportation.

There are many advantages to flying. First of all, flying is very fast: you can get to distant countries within a few hours. Secondly, it is very convenient: all you need to do is board a nice air-conditioned plane, sit down, and relax. Thirdly, flying has become really cheap because there are budget airlines and special offers everywhere.

Flying has some disadvantages, too. Sometimes flying is stressful because planes are often delayed and airplanes are crowded. On top of that, some people are afraid of flying because of the height.

In conclusion, I believe that flying is the most convenient way of travelling. Although it has some disadvantages, it is definitely faster, cheaper, and more comfortable than any other means of transport.

 

2.       BEKEZDÉSEK (PARAGRAPHS)

Az irományt bekezdésekre (paragraph) kell tagolnod. A bekezdések első mondata lehetőleg mindig egy olyan tömör összefoglaló mondat (topic sentence) legyen, amiről a bekezdés szólni fog. A bekezdésen belül a többi mondat (supporting sentences) legyen összefüggésben a bekezdés első összefoglaló mondatával. Figyeld meg az alábbi példát:

I would like to be a mountain climbing guide. I like this job for several reasons. First of all, mountain climbing is very exciting. Mountain climbing guides get to climb tall, dangerous mountains. Second, I enjoy working outside. I like the fresh air much better than I like a stuffy office. Finally, I enjoy meeting interesting people. Mountain climbing guides travel to many different parts of the world and meet other adventurous people.

És akkor egy feladat: Válaszd ki a legjobb összefoglaló mondatot az alábbi bekezdéshez:

............................................................................... There are many reasons why I like this job. First, I like animals. Animals bring a lot of joy to our lives, but they do not ask for a lot in return. I also enjoy helping animals and their owners feel better. Pet owners are happy when their pets are well. Finally, vets get to work with other people who like animals. They can even bring their pets to work.

a)      Sometimes I imagine I'm a veterinarian.

b)      I would like a job working with animals.

c)       A vet helps people and animals feel better.

 

 

3.       KÖTŐSZAVAK (Transition words)

Az írás egyik legfontosabb eszköze a gondolatok és mondatok közötti összefüggések kifejezése, amit kötőszavakkal lehet a legegyszerűbben kifejezni. Tanulmányozd az alábbi bekezdés vastagon szedett kötőszavait:

It is important to know the differences between real money and illegal counterfeit money. First, the paper is different. Real money uses special paper. The paper has red and blue silk in it. In addition, it has a line that you can see with an ultraviolet light. In contrast, counterfeit money uses regular computer paper. Second, the ink is different. Real money uses colour changing ink. However, counterfeit money uses regular ink. Finally, the printing methods are also different. Real money has microprint, whereas counterfeit money does not have microprint. By looking at the features, you can see the differences between real money and counterfeit money.

 

4.       HATÁSOS ÍRÁS: LEÍRÓ RÉSZLETEK HOZZÁADÁSA (ADDING DESCRIPTIVE DETAIL)

Az íráshoz elengedhetetlen, hogy ne csak alany és állítmányból álljanak a mondatok, hanem olyan érdekes mellékneveket is beleépíts, melyek az olvasónak megkönnyítik a mondandód megértését. Fent az első példában is találsz már erre példákat: 'tall, dangerous mountains', 'stuffy office', vagy 'adventurous people'.

Az is sokat segít, ha pontosan leírod a körülményeket, vagyis megnevezed, mi hol van és ki mit csinál. Nézd meg az alábbi példát: az első (a) változatban csak a tényeket írtuk le, a másodikban (b) hozzáadtunk leíró részleteket és mellékneveket (vastag betűs részek).

a.

I went to the lake at Central Park. The lake at Central Park is a lake in the city of New York. Joe and I walked and talked. Many people were at the lake. We had a nice time.

b.

Last Tuesday afternoon I went to the lake at Central Park with my best friend Joe. The lake at Central Park is a huge, popular lake in the city of New York. Joe and I walked, talked, and looked around. I saw some tall office buildings downtown. I saw beautiful ducks and geese in the lake. I saw some fat squirrels in the trees and on the grass. They were busy looking for food. Many people were at the lake. They walked and jogged around the lake. Some people fished in small boats on the lake. They looked relaxed. I felt really happy to be outdoors. We had a nice time.

A hatásos fogalmazás megírásához tehát nem csupán nyelvi eszközök kellenek, hanem fantázia is, hogy kitaláld a részleteket és 'megspékeld' a mondatokat melléknevekkel illetve egyéb kifejezésekkel.

És akkor egy feladat: Próbáld meg a fenti minta alapján 'kiszínezni', azaz hatásosabbá tenni az alábbi néhány soros bekezdést, majd nézd meg a mintamegoldást is, ami természetesen csak egyike a millió jó megoldásnak.

a.

I went to Mount Rainier with my family. Mount Rainier is in the state of Washington. We stayed at the lodge, hiked up the mountain, and took photos. I really enjoyed my visit.

b. MINTAMEGOLDÁS:

Two years ago I went to Mount Rainier with my family and one of my best friends, Sally. Mount Rainier is a tall mountain in the state of Washington. We stayed at a friendly local lodge, hiked up the mountain every single day, and took a lot of amazing photos. We saw huge evergreen trees and a green valley with many pretty wildflowers. It was really beautiful. We also saw some wild animals – deer and marmots. The best part was looking at the famtastic view. It felt very peaceful. I really enjoyed my visit.

 

5.       HATÁSOS ÍRÁS: MONDANDÓNK ALÁTÁMASZTÁSA KONKRÉT PÉLDÁKKAL

Ha hatásosan akarunk érvelni vagy bemutatni valamit, nem elég kijelenteni valamit: alá kell támasztanunk érveinket konkrétumokkal és illusztrálnunk kell mondandónkat odaillő példákkal. Tanulmányozd a példákat az alábbi bekezdésben:

Lynne Cox is a famous open-water swimmer. I admire her for many reasons, including her strength, her courage, and her concern for world issues. First, she is strong enough to swim long distances and in cold water. For example, in 1971, she swam 27 miles without stopping from the California coast to Catalina Island. She also swam many times in extremely cold water, in temperatures as low as 44F. In addition, Lyanne is courageous. For instance, she swam in water full of 3-foot-long jellyfish in 1977. She also swam around the Cape of Good Hope, where the water was full if sharks. Finally, Lyanne is concerned with world issues. In 1980, she swam between Russia and the United States to help the two countries have better relations. All in all, Lyanne Cox is a great athlete and a caring person.

 

És egy feladat: Építs be a következő mini-fogalmazásba példákat, hogy hatásos legyen az érvelés. Utána olvasd el a mintamegoldást is.

a)

Marrying is easy – it's housework that's hard. (proverb)

I agree with this proverb because married couples often have different opinions about housework. For example, ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................However, I have a part-time job, and I take care of the children after school. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ I think my husband should help me more with the cooking and cleaning. Housework is the only thing we argue about. Housework can make marriage difficult.

 

b) MINTAMEGOLDÁS

Marrying is easy – it's housework that's hard. (proverb)

I agree with this proverb because married couples often have different opinions about housework. For example, my husband and I disagree about doing housework. He has a full-time job, so he is tired when he gets home. He doesn't want to do much housework. Sometimes he cooks dinner or does the laundry, but usually he wants to relax. He thinks I should do most of the housework. However, I have a part-time job, and I take care of the children after school. I'm also very tired in the evening. In addition, I also need to revise for my exams because I attend an evening school for nurses. I think my husband should help me more with the cooking and cleaning. Housework is the only thing we argue about. Housework can make marriage difficult.

 

6.       MINTALEVELEK

 

323 Anywhere Place
Chicago, Illinois 12345
March 12, 2006

David C. Smith
Director of Personnel
Bank of Chicago
990 Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 56789

Dear Mr. Smith

The accompanying resume is in response to your listing in the Chicago Tribune for a security officer.

I am especially interested in this position because my experience as a senior security professional in the Army has prepared me for a disciplined, secure work environment and the challenges associated with unexpected events. I'm looking forward to using this experience for enhancing the security of a growing and community-conscious bank.

I would appreciate an opportunity to meet with you to discuss how my experience will best meet your needs. My ideas on how to improve your bank's security posture may be of particular interest to you. Therefore, I will call your office on the morning of March 17 to inquire if a meeting can be scheduled at a convenient time.

I look forward to meeting you.

Sincerely yours,

Joyce Jones

 

EMPLOYMENT LETTER

Date: 23 August 1999
To: Mr John Smith

Dear Mr. Smith

We are pleased to confirm your being employed by our firm
in the capacity of Sales Manager. You will report directly to the Sales Director of the company, commencing with your start of employment on 1 October, 1999.

Your salary shall be $2555 per month. You will also be covered
by the standard group benefit plans and fringe benefits
explained to you. For the first year vacation time shall be
pro-rated, so you will be entitled to 12 days vacation for this
year.

If you agree, please sign the enclosed copy and return for our files.
We look forward to your joining the company.

Very truly,

 

Block 1 - Return Address

If your stationery includes a letterhead, skip this block. Type your name and address along with other relevant contact information such as e-mail or fax number.

Block 2 - Date

If your stationery includes a letterhead, type the date from 2 to 6 lines under the letterhead. Otherwise type it under the return address.

Block 3 - Reference

Use this block to identify what the letter is in regards to. Examples are: "Re: Invoice 12345" or "Re: Your letter dated January 15, 2006.".

Block 4 - Delivery Notations

Always in caps. Examples include SPECIAL DELIVERY, CERTIFIED MAIL, AIRMAIL, VIA FACSIMILE.

Block 5 - Recipient Notations

Notation on private correspondence if needed such as PERSONAL or CONFIDENTIAL. This goes just above the recipient.

Block 6 - Recipient

Type the name and address of the person and / or company. If you are using an attention line (block 7) then skip the person's name. Address the envelope similarly.

Block 7 - Attention

Type the name of the person

Block 8 - Salutation

Type the recipient's name. Use Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't try to guess spelling or gender if you are not sure. Some common salutations are: "Dear [Full Name]:", "To Whom it May Concern:".

Block 9 - Subject

Type a short description on what the letter is about. If you used a reference line, then you likely do not need a subject line.

Block 10 - Letter

Type two spaces between sentences.

Continuing on to a Second Page

If the letter exceeds one page, repeat the recipient's name, the date, the reference or subject line and show the current page number.

Block 16 - Page Number

Type the page number.

Block 17 - Continuing Letter Text

Continue your letter three lines below the heading. If you have less than three lines on the second page, consider rewriting your letter or adjusting margins to fit on a single page.

Completing the Letter

Block 11 - Complimentary Close

It depends on the tone and degree of formality as to what you write here. Can vary from the very formal "Respectfully yours" to the typical "Sincerely" to the friendly "Cordially yours".

Block 12 - Signature

Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (block 11) to sign your name. Type your name and (optional) title under that signature.

Block 13 - Identification

If someone else has typed the letter for you, it is common for them to indicate so with initials. Typically it is your initials in upper case followed by the other initials in lower case. For example "BCT/gt". If you typed your own letter, skip this block.

Block 14 - Enclosures

If you are including other things with the letter such as brochures, this line tells the reader how many to expect. Common styles include "Enclosures: 3".

Block 15 - Copies

If you are distributing copies of the letter to others, indicate so using a copies block. the code "cc:" used to indicate carbon copies but now is commonly called courtesy copies.

 

Sample Invitation Letter (Business)

Lockwood Middle School
307 Main Street
Lockwood, NJ 51686

December 17, 2008

Mrs. Jody Coling
President
Lockwood Health Association
23 Main Street
Lockwood, NJ

Dear Mrs. Coling:

My name is Susan Harris and I am writing on behalf of the students at Lockwood Middle School. We would like to invite you to attend a special event being held at our school in a week's time.

A significant amount of the students at the school have been working on a project which relates to the unemployment problem within the youth demographic of Lockwood. You are invited to attend a presentation that will be held within the media room of the school where a variety of proposals that will demonstrate the ability of the community to develop employment opportunities for the youth within the community.

At the presentation, there will be several students receiving awards which will recognize them within the community from the Mayor. Refreshments will also be available at the presentation.

As one of the prominent figures in the community, we would be honored by your attendance. Please reply by Monday the 26th of February to confirm your attendance to the function.

We look forward to seeing you there,

Sincerely,

Signature

Ms. Susan Harris

Sample Complaint Letter

65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135

June 30, 2004

Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435

Dear Sir or Madam:

I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.

To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats, I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.

Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.

Sincerely,

Signature

Ken Thomas

Sample Resignation Letter

483 Spring Road
Ft. Berliner, VA 58265

October 21, 2004

Mr. Jack Wilkins
Head of Inventory Control
Widgets Unlimited, Inc.
16 Ferris Blvd.
Clinton, VA 58763

Dear Mr. Jenkins:

I am formally notifying you that I'll be tendering my resignation from Widgets Unlimited, Inc. My last day will be on November 12, 2004

I never imagined that I would have to leave Widgets Unlimited, but due to the relocation of my wife's work to New York, I have made the decision with my wife to move up to New York as a family.

If there is anything that I can do to make this transition easier for the company, let me know and I'd be more than willing to help out.

I have truly enjoyed my work here and I would like to thank you for the opportunity that you have given me to work here at Widgets Unlimited.

Sincerely,

Signature

Scott Nelson
Inventory Specialist

Sample Letter of Recommendation

562 Banquest Street
Fair Valley, AL 81356

September 28, 2004

To Whom It May Concern:

It is with great pleasure that I am recommending Rose Berdinger to you. I am the Head Sales Manager at Vacuums Plus and Rose has been under my supervision from November of 2000 to August of 2004 as a saleswoman.

Rose would be a great asset to any company. She is one of the brightest employees that I have ever had. She also has a great drive and passion for her work.

Rose is such a quick learner. Within her first two weeks at Vacuums Plus she had learned all the product names, their features, and how they work. It normally takes a new employee at least two months to get familiar with all the products that we sell.

Rose's drive has led her to great success at Vacuums Plus. She has had the honor of receiving the "Top Sales Person of the Month Award" ten times in her last year at Vacuums Plus, which is a feat that no employee has ever achieved here before.

I believe that Rose Berdinger will be an excellent fit for your company. Rose has been nothing short of an exemplary employee. If you have any further questions, feel free to contact me at (555) 555-555 and I'll be happy to answer any questions you have.

Sincerely,

Signature

Peter Ziggad
Head Sales Manager

Sample Apology Letter (Business)

5868 Maple Wood Street
Fairfield, PA 37626

November 29, 2004

Mr. Joseph Bicman
358 Noncook Road
John's Town, PA 57323

Dear Mr. Bicman:

I apologize for the mix-up of order #: 26429782. We have just implemented a new packaging system that still has a few bugs to be worked out, but we did fix your order and sent it out this morning. For your trouble, we have enclosed a $25 gift certificate which can be used at any of our stores. Once again I would like to apologize for the mix-up in your order and any inconveniences this may have caused you.

Sincerely,

Signature

Scott Mahoney
Customer Service Manager